19 min read

RFM Analysis in R

I am pleased to announce the rfm package, a set of tools for recency, frequency and monetary value analysis, designed keeping in mind beginner/intermediate R users. It can handle:

  • transaction level data
  • customer level data

Installation

# Install release version from CRAN
install.packages("rfm")

# Install development version from GitHub
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("rsquaredacademy/rfm")

Shiny App

rfm includes a shiny app which can be launched using

rfm_launch_app()

or try the live version here.

Read on to learn more about the features of rfm, or see the rfm website for detailed documentation on using the package.

Introduction

## Warning: package 'knitr' was built under R version 3.5.2
## Warning: package 'DT' was built under R version 3.5.2

RFM (recency, frequency, monetary) analysis is a behavior based technique used to segment customers by examining their transaction history such as

  • how recently a customer has purchased (recency)
  • how often they purchase (frequency)
  • how much the customer spends (monetary)

It is based on the marketing axiom that 80% of your business comes from 20% of your customers. RFM helps to identify customers who are more likely to respond to promotions by segmenting them into various categories.

Data

To calculate the RFM score for each customer we need transaction data which should include the following:

  • a unique customer id
  • date of transaction/order
  • transaction/order amount

rfm includes a sample data set rfm_data_orders which includes the above details:

rfm_data_orders
## # A tibble: 4,906 x 3
##    customer_id         order_date revenue
##    <chr>               <date>       <dbl>
##  1 Mr. Brion Stark Sr. 2004-12-20      32
##  2 Ethyl Botsford      2005-05-02      36
##  3 Hosteen Jacobi      2004-03-06     116
##  4 Mr. Edw Frami       2006-03-15      99
##  5 Josef Lemke         2006-08-14      76
##  6 Julisa Halvorson    2005-05-28      56
##  7 Judyth Lueilwitz    2005-03-09     108
##  8 Mr. Mekhi Goyette   2005-09-23     183
##  9 Hansford Moen PhD   2005-09-07      30
## 10 Fount Flatley       2006-04-12      13
## # ... with 4,896 more rows

RFM Score

So how is the RFM score computed for each customer? The below steps explain the process:

  • A recency score is assigned to each customer based on date of most recent purchase. The score is generated by binning the recency values into a number of categories (default is 5). For example, if you use four categories, the customers with the most recent purchase dates receive a recency ranking of 4, and those with purchase dates in the distant past receive a recency ranking of 1.

  • A frequency ranking is assigned in a similar way. Customers with high purchase frequency are assigned a higher score (4 or 5) and those with lowest frequency are assigned a score 1.

  • Monetary score is assigned on the basis of the total revenue generated by the customer in the period under consideration for the analysis. Customers with highest revenue/order amount are assigned a higher score while those with lowest revenue are assigned a score of 1.

  • A fourth score, RFM score is generated which is simply the three individual scores concatenated into a single value.

The customers with the highest RFM scores are most likely to respond to an offer. Now that we have understood how the RFM score is computed, it is time to put it into practice. Use rfm_table_order() to generate the score for each customer from the sample data set rfm_data_orders.

rfm_table_order() takes 8 inputs:

  • data: a data set with
    • unique customer id
    • date of transaction
    • and amount
  • customer_id: name of the customer id column
  • order_date: name of the transaction date column
  • revenue: name of the transaction amount column
  • analysis_date: date of analysis
  • recency_bins: number of rankings for recency score (default is 5)
  • frequency_bins: number of rankings for frequency score (default is 5)
  • monetary_bins: number of rankings for monetary score (default is 5)

RFM Table

analysis_date <- lubridate::as_date("2006-12-31", tz = "UTC")
rfm_result <- rfm_table_order(rfm_data_orders, customer_id, order_date, revenue, analysis_date)
rfm_result
customer_id date_most_recent recency_days transaction_count amount recency_score frequency_score monetary_score rfm_score
Abbey O’Reilly DVM 2006-06-09 205 6 472 3 4 3 343
Add Senger 2006-08-13 140 3 340 4 1 2 412
Aden Lesch Sr. 2006-06-20 194 4 405 3 2 3 323
Admiral Senger 2006-08-21 132 5 448 4 3 3 433
Agness O’Keefe 2006-10-02 90 9 843 5 5 5 555
Aileen Barton 2006-10-08 84 9 763 5 5 5 555
Ailene Hermann 2006-03-25 281 8 699 3 5 5 355
Aiyanna Bruen PhD 2006-04-29 246 4 157 3 2 1 321
Ala Schmidt DDS 2006-01-16 349 3 363 2 1 2 212
Alannah Borer 2005-04-21 619 4 196 1 2 1 121

rfm_table_order() will return the following columns as seen in the above table:

  • customer_id: unique customer id
  • date_most_recent: date of most recent visit
  • recency_days: days since the most recent visit
  • transaction_count: number of transactions of the customer
  • amount: total revenue generated by the customer
  • recency_score: recency score of the customer
  • frequency_score: frequency score of the customer
  • monetary_score: monetary score of the customer
  • rfm_score: RFM score of the customer

Segments

Let us classify our customers based on the individual recency, frequency and monetary scores.

Segment Description R F M
Champions Bought recently, buy often and spend the most 4 - 5 4 - 5 4 - 5
Loyal Customers Spend good money. Responsive to promotions 2 - 5 3 - 5 3 - 5
Potential Loyalist Recent customers, spent good amount, bought more than once 3 - 5 1 - 3 1 - 3
New Customers Bought more recently, but not often 4 - 5 <= 1 <= 1
Promising Recent shoppers, but haven’t spent much 3 - 4 <= 1 <= 1
Need Attention Above average recency, frequency & monetary values 2 - 3 2 - 3 2 - 3
About To Sleep Below average recency, frequency & monetary values 2 - 3 <= 2 <= 2
At Risk Spent big money, purchased often but long time ago <= 2 2 - 5 2 - 5
Can’t Lose Them Made big purchases and often, but long time ago <= 1 4 - 5 4 - 5
Hibernating Low spenders, low frequency, purchased long time ago 1 - 2 1 - 2 1 - 2
Lost Lowest recency, frequency & monetary scores <= 2 <= 2 <= 2

Segmented Customer Data

We can use the segmented data to identify

  • best customers
  • loyal customers
  • at risk customers
  • and lost customers

Once we have classified a customer into a particular segment, we can take appropriate action to increase his/her lifetime value.

Segment Size

Now that we have defined and segmented our customers, let us examine the distribution of customers across the segments. Ideally, we should have very few or no customer in segments such as At Risk or Needs Attention.

segments %>%
  count(segment) %>%
  arrange(desc(n)) %>%
  rename(Segment = segment, Count = n)
## # A tibble: 10 x 2
##    Segment            Count
##    <chr>              <int>
##  1 Loyal Customers      288
##  2 Lost                 185
##  3 At Risk              180
##  4 Potential Loyalist   147
##  5 About To Sleep        58
##  6 Others                48
##  7 Need Attention        34
##  8 Promising             21
##  9 Can't Lose Them       17
## 10 New Customers         17

We can also examine the median recency, frequency and monetary value across segments to ensure that the logic used for customer classification is sound and practical.

Median Recency

rfm_plot_median_recency(segments)

Median Frequency

rfm_plot_median_frequency(segments)

Median Monetary Value

rfm_plot_median_monetary(segments)

Heat Map

The heat map shows the average monetary value for different categories of recency and frequency scores. Higher scores of frequency and recency are characterized by higher average monetary value as indicated by the darker areas in the heatmap.

rfm_heatmap(rfm_result)

Bar Chart

Use rfm_bar_chart() to generate the distribution of monetary scores for the different combinations of frequency and recency scores.

rfm_bar_chart(rfm_result)

Histogram

Use rfm_histograms() to examine the relative distribution of

  • monetary value (total revenue generated by each customer)
  • recency days (days since the most recent visit for each customer)
  • frequency (transaction count for each customer)
rfm_histograms(rfm_result)

Customers by Orders

Visualize the distribution of customers across orders.

rfm_order_dist(rfm_result)

Scatter Plots

The best customers are those who:

  • bought most recently
  • most often
  • and spend the most

Now let us examine the relationship between the above.

Recency vs Monetary Value

Customers who visited more recently generated more revenue compared to those who visited in the distant past. The customers who visited in the recent past are more likely to return compared to those who visited long time ago as most of those would be lost customers. As such, higher revenue would be associated with most recent visits.

rfm_rm_plot(rfm_result)

Frequency vs Monetary Value

As the frequency of visits increases, the revenue generated also increases. Customers who visit more frquently are your champion customers, loyal customers or potential loyalists and they drive higher revenue.

rfm_fm_plot(rfm_result)

Recency vs Frequency

Customers with low frequency visited in the distant past while those with high frequency have visited in the recent past. Again, the customers who visited in the recent past are more likely to return compared to those who visited long time ago. As such, higher frequency would be associated with the most recent visits.

rfm_rf_plot(rfm_result)

Learning More

The rfm website includes comprehensive documentation on using the package, including the following articles that cover various aspects of using rfm:

Feedback

rfm has been on CRAN for a few months now while we were fixing bugs and making the API stable. All feedback is welcome. Issues (bugs and feature requests) can be posted to github tracker. For help with code or other related questions, feel free to reach me hebbali.aravind@gmail.com.